指南与共识|早期结直肠癌内镜切除术后追加手术中国专家共识(2025版)

专家共识 肿瘤科 · 2025 · 中国实用外科杂志 · 中国实用外科杂志

1 内镜术前评估可能有黏膜下浸润表现

结直肠黏膜病变通常采用巴黎分型进行描述,可分为:息肉型(0-Ⅰ型)、浅表型(0-Ⅱ型)、凹陷型(0-Ⅲ型) [9]。随着对结直肠黏膜病变形态和黏膜下浸润风险认识的不断加深,Okamoto等[10]描述了结直肠内沿肠壁向横向侧延伸的黏膜病变直径≥10 mm,且巴黎分型为0-Ⅱ型或0-Ⅰs型,称为侧向发育型肿瘤(laterally spreading tumor,LST)。可进一步分为两种不同的表型,即表面结节状的LST(granular type LST,LST-G)和表面光滑的LST(non-granular type LST,LST-NG)。LST-G可以根据结节形态进行亚型划分,包括结节均一型病变和结节混合型病变。LST-NG表面光滑,可由病灶形态分为扁平隆起型和假凹陷型。LST的形态学亚分类有助于预测黏膜下浸润和纤维化的风险,假凹陷型LST-NG及结节混合型LST-G具有较高的黏膜下浸润风险及黏膜下纤维化风险[11-13]。Uno等[14]描述了黏膜下层抬举征,即在病灶下注入的液体无法抬起息肉。抬举征阴性可能提示病变浸润黏膜下层,但也可能由于之前的活检、烧灼或定位引起的纤维化造成,在这种情况下其不能反映黏膜下浸润,也不是内镜切除的禁忌证[15]。 内镜下结直肠黏膜病变表面形态通常采用下述分型。(1)图像增强非放大内镜下的分型:2010年,欧洲、美国及日本专家提出窄带光成像(narrow band imaging,NBI)国际结直肠息肉内镜(NBI international colorectal endoscopic,NICE)分型,其根据颜色、血管、表面腺管口形态共分为3种类型。NICE 1型病变表面颜色较正常组织浅或相同,表面无血管或仅有单一的花边状血管,腺管口呈黑色或白色点状,或均匀缺失,对应病理类型可能为增生性息肉或无蒂锯齿状腺瘤或息肉(sessile serrated adenomas/polyp,SSA/P);NICE 2型息肉表面及血管呈棕色,腺管口为白色椭圆、管状或分支状结构,对应病理类型为腺瘤;NICE 3型病变呈棕黑色,血管分布混乱或缺失,腺管开口极不规则或缺失,可能的病理类型为深层黏膜下浸润癌[16-17]。(2)图像增强放大内镜下的分型:在NICE 2型病变中通常难以区分低级别瘤变、高级别瘤变和浅表黏膜下浸润。鉴于此,日本专家根据息肉在NBI放大内镜下的表现结合表面腺管开口和微血管表现,于2016年提出了日本NBI专家组(Japan NBI expert team,JNET)分型,其中2A型病变表面毛细血管网规则,呈螺旋状或网状分布,腺管口呈管状、分支或乳头状,对应低级别上皮内瘤变;2B型息肉表面血管不规则,分布无秩序,腺管口显示不规则或模糊,对应高级别上皮内瘤变或浅层黏膜下浸润癌;3型病变表面毛细血管稀疏中断,腺管开口无特定形态,对应深层黏膜下浸润癌[18-19]。(3)图像增强放大内镜联合化学染色下的分型:依据腺管开口形态(pit pattern)的工藤分型需要放大结肠镜检查和喷洒染料,从而可以通过隐窝形态来评估恶性息肉。共分为6种类型:Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型、ⅢL型、ⅢS型、Ⅳ型和Ⅴ型,其中Ⅲ~Ⅴ型被认为是发育不良和恶性病变[20-21]。 综上,假凹陷型LST-NG和结节混合型LST-G提示黏膜下侵犯风险升高;部分形态表现为Ⅱc、Ⅱa+dep、Ⅰs+Ⅱc型的病变可能提示存在黏膜下浸润的风险。内镜下表面形态表现为NICE 2型或JNET 2B型时需考虑存在黏膜下浅层侵犯。内镜下表面形态表现为NICE 3型、JNET 3型或pit pattern Ⅴ型(ⅤN和ⅤI)需考虑存在深层黏膜下层侵犯。 推荐意见1:应按照结直肠黏膜病变的部位、大小(以mm为单位)和形态(巴黎分类)进行描述和报告。对于侧向发育型病变还应分为:结节均一型、结节混合型、扁平隆起型、假凹陷型。(证据等级B,强推荐) 推荐意见2:内镜下结直肠黏膜病变诊断描述和报告还应包括病变腺管开口和血管形态,并应该与大体形态和部位相结合以预测黏膜下浸润的风险。(证据等级B,强推荐) 推荐意见3:推荐综合使用白光内镜、图像增强内镜、内镜下色素染色、放大内镜及超声内镜对病变进行观察和评估。(证据等级B,中度推荐)

2 内镜切除方法选择

对于无蒂病变,如果未见黏膜下层深层浸润的内镜下特征应虑先行内镜整块切除病变以进行精确的病理评估。凹陷型(0-Ⅱc型)息肉通常与浸润性癌有关,一项研究发现在3680个病变中,61%的0-Ⅱc型病变浸润黏膜下层[9]。Burgess等[22]评估了2277个直径≥20 mm病变的形态学特征,发现与0-Ⅱa型相比,0-Ⅰs型(OR=2.73,95%CI 1.64-4.55)和0-Ⅱa+0-Ⅰs型(OR=2.49,95%CI 1.52-4.08)病变与黏膜下层浸润癌相关。对于结节混合型LST-G,浸润点通常位于最大结节的下方,对于这类病变,为了更好地进行组织学评估,在可行的情况下建议将最大的结节以及任何可疑含有更高级病理的结节进行整块切除。 与黏膜下层浅层浸润风险增加相关的内镜特征包括LST-NG(尤其是假凹陷型)和具有较大结节的LST-G。如果整块切除病变,并且对切除后的标本进行详细的病理检查,则可精确地测量黏膜下层浸润的深度。由于黏膜下层浅层浸润与内镜下切除术后残留或淋巴结转移的风险很低,因而整块切除和黏膜下层浅层浸润的病人可以避免手术,而这类病变在分片切除后则是追加手术切除的指征。 对于内镜下观察伴有深层黏膜下侵犯的黏膜病变,推荐行外科手术。一项基于美国国家癌症数据库的研究针对T1期结直肠肿瘤(不包括良性息肉)进行分析,结果表明,与息肉切除术相比,接受手术的病人总生存率(OS)更高[23]。即使在两组之间调整了多个病人和肿瘤因素后,结果仍一致。 推荐意见4:对于无蒂或扁平病变,如条件允许,应考虑整块切除,如内镜黏膜下剥离术(endoscopic submucosal dissection,ESD)及内镜下黏膜切除术(endoscopic mucosal resection,EMR);对于有蒂息肉,均应行整块切除;对于LST,如纤维化严重,至少应考虑对结节部分行整块切除。(证据等级C,弱推荐) 推荐意见5:对于内镜下观察伴有深层黏膜下侵犯的黏膜病变,应进行内镜下活检、标记,并建议行外科手术。(证据等级B,中度推荐)

3 内镜切除术后病理学评估

对于切除的有蒂息肉,病变可通过活检孔道吸引,或使用网篮或圈套器随镜身取出。对于整块切除的大的有蒂病变,不应为了从吸引孔道取出而将其切断。送病理检查后,应将病变标本对半切开,切片可穿过整个息肉头端和蒂部。如果病理切片方向不正确,则不可能全面评估病变残留的相关特征,可能需要追加手术。 对于通过EMR或ESD整块切除的怀疑有黏膜下层浸润的无蒂病变,新鲜标本应在展开后用不锈钢钉将其边缘固定在坚硬的平面上,再浸入10%福尔马林溶液中,否则标本将挛缩和卷曲,妨碍病理检查时正确地定位和切片。病理切面应与切除平面垂直,以获得正确的方向,通常整个病变的切片间隔为2 mm。标本方向制备不良将导致病理科医生很难找到侧切缘和垂直切缘,从而导致浸润深度的测量和边缘受累的评估不准确[24-25]。 规范的、一致的组织病理学报告系统对于提高息肉切除术后决策的质量至关重要[26]。美国病理学家协会(the College of American Pathologists,CAP)提供了最新的恶性病变报告的模板。报告应列出肿瘤所在的部位,内镜科医生应在内镜报告中纳入此信息和手术需求。近年来,有研究报道,恶性肿瘤的低分化细胞簇、黏膜下层的浸润宽度及浸润面积、癌腺破裂及背景腺瘤缺失情况等指标可能更全面地反映病灶黏膜下层浸润程度,故推荐有条件的单位可进行病理描述并报告[27-29]。因此,内镜下整块切除标本出具规范化病理诊断报告应包括下述内容。(1)基本内容:包括病人基本信息、标本大小、病灶大小、水平切缘及垂直切缘情况和肿瘤组织类型及分化等级。(2)黏膜下浸润需报告:癌组织的组织分化类型、黏膜下浸润深度值[建议使用肌间线蛋白(desmin)免疫组化染色明确黏膜肌层情况,报告中注明所使用的测量方法]、脉管累及情况[建议使用弹力纤维染色(即EVG染色)评估静脉累及情况,使用D2-40、CD31免疫组化染色评估淋巴管及血管的累及情况]、肿瘤出芽分级、神经侵犯情况等。(3)有条件的单位可报告:恶性肿瘤的低分化细胞簇、黏膜下层的浸润宽度及浸润面积、癌腺破裂及背景腺瘤缺失情况。 推荐意见6:内镜下整块切除标本处理时应沿轴向充分伸展并行病理评估。(证据等级B,强推荐) 推荐意见7:推荐病理报告需包含标本完整性、病变大小、形态;组织学类型、分化程度、浸润范围和侵犯深度、黏膜切缘情况;以及是否存在血管淋巴脉管侵犯及肿瘤出芽,必要时增加免疫组化指标。此外,有蒂病变诊断的内容还应包括头部浸润或蒂部浸润,并标明肿瘤浸润最深处距切缘的距离。(证据等级C,弱推荐)

4 追加手术适应证

研究表明,切缘阳性(癌组织距离电灼切缘1000 µm、脉管浸润、分化程度差(低分化、黏液腺癌、印戒细胞癌)以及肿瘤出芽G2/G3是T1期结直肠肿瘤淋巴结转移的独立危险因素[25,30-32]。日本大肠癌研究会(Japanese Society for Cancer of the Colon and Rectum,JSCCR)《大肠癌治疗指南(2022年版)》推荐,存在以上任何一个因素时,行追加手术[4];美国国家综合癌症网络(National Comprehensive Cancer Network,NCCN)临床实践指南(以下简称NCCN指南)推荐存在以下4个危险因素中任何一项,行追加手术:淋巴切缘阳性( 参考文献 (在框内滑动手指即可浏览) [1]    国家卫生健康委员会医政司,中华医学会肿瘤学分会. 国家卫健委中国结直肠癌诊疗规范(2023版) [J]. 中国实用外科杂志,2023,43(6): 602-630. DOI:10.19538/j.cjps.issn1005-2208.2023.06.02. [2]    中华医学会肿瘤学分会早诊早治学组. 中国结直肠癌早诊早治专家共识(2023版) [J]. 中华普通外科学文献电子版,2024,18(1): 1-13. DOI:10.3877/cma.j.issn.1674-0793.2024.01.001. [3]    李鹏,王拥军,陈光勇,等. 中国早期结直肠癌及癌前病变筛查与诊治共识[J]. 中国实用内科杂志,2015,35(3):211-227. DOI: 10.7504/nk2015020301. [4]    大肠癌研究会. 大肠癌治疗ガイドライン医师用2022年版[M]. 东京:金原出版株式会社,2022. [5]    Glynne-Jones R,Wyrwicz L,Tiret E,et al. Rectal cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up [J]. Ann Oncol,2018,29(suppl4): iv263. DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdy161. 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推荐意见与 GRADE 证据分级

#推荐意见证据等级出处
1应按照结直肠黏膜病变的部位、大小(以mm为单位)和形态(巴黎分类)进行描述和报告。对于侧向发育型病变还应分为:结节均一型、结节混合型、扁平隆起型、假凹陷型。(证据等级B,强推荐)1
2内镜下结直肠黏膜病变诊断描述和报告还应包括病变腺管开口和血管形态,并应该与大体形态和部位相结合以预测黏膜下浸润的风险。(证据等级B,强推荐)1
3推荐综合使用白光内镜、图像增强内镜、内镜下色素染色、放大内镜及超声内镜对病变进行观察和评估。(证据等级B,中度推荐)—
4对于无蒂或扁平病变,如条件允许,应考虑整块切除,如内镜黏膜下剥离术(endoscopic submucosal dissection,ESD)及内镜下黏膜切除术(endoscopic mucosal resection,EMR);对于有蒂息肉,均应行整块切除;对于LST,如纤维化严重,至少应考虑对结节部分行整块切除。(证据等级C,弱推荐)2
5对于内镜下观察伴有深层黏膜下侵犯的黏膜病变,应进行内镜下活检、标记,并建议行外科手术。(证据等级B,中度推荐)—
6内镜下整块切除标本处理时应沿轴向充分伸展并行病理评估。(证据等级B,强推荐)1
7推荐病理报告需包含标本完整性、病变大小、形态;组织学类型、分化程度、浸润范围和侵犯深度、黏膜切缘情况;以及是否存在血管淋巴脉管侵犯及肿瘤出芽,必要时增加免疫组化指标。此外,有蒂病变诊断的内容还应包括头部浸润或蒂部浸润,并标明肿瘤浸润最深处距切缘的距离。(证据等级C,弱推荐)2

引用 / 出处

中国实用外科杂志. 指南与共识|早期结直肠癌内镜切除术后追加手术中国专家共识(2025版)[J]. 中国实用外科杂志, 2025.