标准与规范丨非放射学中轴型脊柱关节炎诊疗指南(2024版)
一、指南制订方法
1. 指南工作组:分为指南执行委员会、专家组、秘书组,涵盖风湿病学、影像学和循证医学专家。风湿病学专家来自中华医学会风湿病学分会在不同省市地区的代表以及中国初级卫生保健基金会风湿免疫学专业委员会脊柱关节炎工作委员会的全部成员。所有工作组成员均填写了利益声明表,不存在与本指南撰写内容直接相关的利益冲突。本指南已在国际实践指南注册平台注册(注册号:PREPARE-2022CN789)。
2. 指南使用者及目标人群:本指南使用者为各级医疗机构的风湿免疫科、骨科、影像科、疼痛科、康复科、全科医师以及临床药师、护士等相关医务工作者。推荐意见适用的目标人群为患有慢性腰痛、背痛的患者。
3. 临床问题的遴选和确定:秘书组在执行委员会的指导下,首先通过查阅国内外axSpA和nr-axSpA相关指南、管理推荐、共识和诊疗规范,并结合国内临床实践、广泛专家意见征询,收集临床问题。
临床问题采用德尔菲(Delphi)法以问卷的形式征询专家意见,对每个问题按重要性评分,分值为5分,5~1分表示非常重要~非常不重要。若某个问题平均分≥4分,则该问题为关键问题,必须在本指南中产生推荐意见;若平均分≤3分,则在本指南中不予研究;若平均分3~4分为重要问题,是否在本指南中产生推荐意见取决于推荐意见共识情况。第1轮问卷共提出44个临床问题,共有311位风湿病科医师(其中高级职称152位、中级职称159位)参与问卷征询,遴选出≥4.0分的临床问题35个,根据专家反馈意见增补了6个临床问题。经第2轮专家组讨论、投票,最终纳入本指南需解决的具体临床问题共37个。
4. 证据的检索、合成与评价:秘书组针对最终纳入的临床问题与结局指标,按照“人群、干预、对照和结局(population,intervention,comparison and outcome,PICO)”的原则对其进行解构,并对解构的问题:(1)确定相应的检索策略;(2)检索数据库包括PubMed、Embase、Clinicaltrial.gov、Cochrane Library等。对相关综述、系统评价或荟萃分析、指南、管理推荐和共识等的参考文献进行滚雪球检索;(3)纳入原始研究(包括随机对照试验、队列研究、病例对照研究、病例系列报告等)、系统评价、荟萃分析、网状荟萃分析,检索时间为建库至2024年4月30日。
5. 证据评价与分级:在方法学专家的指导下,秘书组及执笔专家对各临床问题按照研究类型进行整理和评价,制作详细的证据总结表,并采用2011版牛津大学循证医学中心分级系统进行分级,其中证据水平等级分为1~5级( 表1 ),推荐等级分为A~D共4个等级( 表2 )。
6. 推荐意见的形成:专家组基于秘书组提供的针对已确定临床问题的证据概述,形成推荐意见草案。于2024年6月26日和2024年10月15日先后召开全体专家参与的线上讨论会议,对每条推荐意见草案都根据所提出的证据进行了严格的讨论,并对每个推荐条目的表述文本反复推敲、修正,形成修改版的总体原则和具体推荐意见。所有专家组成员以电子方式(问卷星)匿名投票,从0(完全不同意)到10(完全同意)赋予每个条目的同意程度,≥8分视为同意。共有53位风湿病学专家和7位影像学专家被邀请参与投票,若专家认为某条推荐意见不属于其专业方向或是其不熟悉的领域,可放弃投票,并据实计算该条推荐意见的投票率,但不计入该条推荐意见的赞成率,赞成率≥75%的条目才接受为推荐条目。
7. 外审及批准:执笔专家就达成共识的推荐意见撰写指南全文,并提交专家组进行修订与完善,然后请外审专家组评审。根据外审专家的反馈意见,执行委员会及专家组再次进行修订与完善,确定指南终稿。
8. 实施与更新:本指南发布后,工作组将通过专业期刊、网站、学术会议等各种方式在国内组织推广和传播,确保临床医师及其他利益相关群体充分了解并正确使用本指南。未来将根据证据更新情况对本指南进行更新。
二、指南总体原则
本指南首先提出3条总体原则( 扫描二维码查看附表1 ),涵盖8个关键临床问题,以强调nr-axSpA诊疗过程中的关键原则。
总体原则1:nr-axSpA的临床诊断尚缺乏金标准,在作出nr-axSpA诊断前,应细致地采集病史、体格检查和必要的辅助检查以完善鉴别诊断。
因为缺乏可靠的诊断标志,nr-axSpA的临床诊断极富挑战性 [ 8 , 10 , 11 ] 。该原则强调nr-axSpA的临床诊断主要取决于接诊医师的临床综合判断,目前尚不能依赖某项辅助检查结果(如骶髂关节MRI阳性或HLA-B27阳性)或符合某个分类标准(如ASAS-axSpA标准)就能够作出准确的临床诊断 [ 12 , 13 ] 。医师的准确判断必定是建立在细致地采集病史、体格检查和必要辅助检查的基础上,并应通过严谨的鉴别诊断排除可模拟nr-axSpA临床表现或辅助检查结果的其他疾病 [ 14 ] 。
总体原则2:nr-axSpA患者的治疗应遵循个体化原则,制定具体治疗方案时,应充分兼顾共病与合并症,且应与患者共同商量,使治疗的获益-风险比尽可能达到最优化。
这条原则是普适性的,强调每例患者都应该得到最佳的治疗方法,最好能根据其具体情况量身定制,即个体化。nr-axSpA的临床表现复杂多样,除了脊柱炎外,可能还有外周关节炎,甚至银屑病、葡萄膜炎、炎症性肠病(IBD)等共病;不同的治疗药物对上述临床表现和(或)共病的效果并不相同,并且不同种类药物(尤其不同种类的靶向DMARDs)的治疗成本、禁忌证以及不良反应风险均不同,每例患者的病变阶段、疾病活动度、年龄与合并症等自身客观情况,甚至治疗期望值均可能存在差异。因此医师应充分考虑每例患者的具体情况,提出最佳治疗获益-风险比的备选方案,再与患者共同商量后决定。
总体原则3:nr-axSpA的治疗目标是通过控制症状和炎症、阻止或延缓结构损伤,最大限度地提高与健康相关的生活质量。nr-axSpA的疾病活动度可采用强直性脊柱炎疾病活动度评分(ASDAS)评估,治疗的具体目标是达到临床缓解或低疾病活动度。经过规范靶向DMARDs治疗,但无明显临床应答者,在转换另一种靶向DMARDs之前,应重新评估nr-axSpA的诊断。
本条原则强调,治疗nr-axSpA的根本目标应使患者尽可能获得最好的与健康相关的生活质量。由于nr-axSpA是一种炎症性疾病,实现该治疗目标的途径是有效抑制炎症、减轻症状、预防进行性结构损伤 [ 15-19 ] 。
ASDAS既包含患者的主观感受指标也包含客观的炎症指标,还定义了疾病活动度的临界值(即<1.3为无疾病活动、<2.1且≥1.3为低疾病活动度)以及病情改善或恶化的界值(Δ≥1.1)。尤其是基于C反应蛋白(CRP)的ASDAS(即ASDAS-CRP)对疾病活动度有高度识别力,且与只评估患者主观感受的Bath强直性脊柱炎疾病活动指数(BASDAI)相比,其与MRI上骨髓水肿的变化、放射学进展和韧带骨赘形成的相关程度更加密切 [ 20-24 ] 。近年逐渐成为多个指南/共识评估axSpA疾病活动度的合适工具 [ 15 , 25 , 26 ] 。
关于axSpA(包括AS和nr-axSpA)的达标治疗策略,目前仍存有一定争议 [ 27-29 ] 。国际工作组在2017年更新了axSpA的达标治疗推荐 [ 15 ] ,基于专家意见而非循证证据,建议axSpA患者的治疗目标应为肌肉骨骼病变和关节外表现均达到临床缓解或无疾病活动,低疾病活动度也可作为替代目标,优选ASDAS作为评估axSpA疾病活动度的工具,定期评估疾病活动度,并相应地调整治疗方案,以达到治疗目标、改善远期结局。然而,ACR在2019版的放射学中轴型脊柱关节炎(r-axSpA,即AS)和nr-axSpA治疗指南中,对于活动性nr-axSpA成年患者,有条件地反对使用ASDAS<1.3(或2.1)的达标治疗策略、而推荐基于医师评估的治疗策略 [ 30 ] 。有条件地推荐定期监测红细胞沉降率和CRP评估疾病活动度;对于接受生物制剂(bDMARD)治疗且疾病活动度不明确的nr-axSpA患者,有条件地推荐采用骨盆MRI评估疾病活动度 [ 30 ] 。与此不同,2022版的ASAS-EULAR关于axSpA(包括AS和nr-axSpA)的治疗指南中,建议治疗应以预先设定的治疗目标为指导,并在文本说明中指出ASDAS是目前反映该病疾病活动度相对更优的一个工具 [ 25 ] ;2023版的泛美风湿病学协会联盟(Pan American League of Associations for Rheumatology,PANLAR)关于axSpA的管理推荐中,对于活动性axSpA患者有条件地推荐一种基于临床标准的达标治疗策略,并采用ASDAS和(或)简化的强直性脊柱炎疾病活动度评分(SASDAS)作为临床评估工具 [ 26 ] 。TICOSPA研究虽然未能证明以ASDAS<2.1为目标的达标治疗组的主要终点指标ASAS健康指数(ASAS-HI)改善≥30%的应答率高于常规治疗组,但是次要终点指标包括ASDAS低疾病活动度达标率、ASAS40应答率、BASDAI50应答率均高于常规治疗组,且两组间的安全性相当 [ 31 ] 。此外,有多项研究表明,nr-axSpA患者的基线期疾病活动度是将来进展为AS的预测因素 [ 17-19 ] 。综上,本指南推荐nr-axSpA应实行达标治疗策略。
患者对靶向DMARDs(包括bDMARDs和JAKi)的良好反应提示nr-axSpA的诊断可能是正确的。相反,如果在启用靶向DMARDs后缺乏临床反应,应在转换为另一种靶向DMARD前重新评估诊断,包括两个方面:(1)原来的诊断是否正确;(2)是否有共病或合并症的漏诊。上文已述及nr-axSpA的临床诊断极富挑战性 [ 8 , 10 , 11 ] ,因此在临床实践中存在患者因其他原因所致腰背痛被误诊为nr-axSpA的较高风险 [ 32 ] 。法国DESIR队列是一个全国多中心的早期axSpA患者队列,经过10年以上的随访该队列中有11.03%的nr-axSpA诊断在后期被否定 [ 11 ] 。因此,重新评估诊断有助于排除或减少误诊或减少因合并症的漏诊而导致疾病活动度被高估的可能性。
三、指南具体推荐
共达成12条推荐,涵盖29个关键临床问题,所有推荐条目及其相应的证据水平、推荐等级和专家赞同程度请 扫描二维码查看附表2 。
推荐意见1:axSpA是一种与HLA-B27密切相关的、主要累及中轴关节的慢性炎症性疾病,以附着点炎为主要病理特征,也可累及外周关节和关节外器官(证据5,推荐D)。根据axSpA的骶髂关节损害程度有无达到mNY标准定义的放射学骶髂关节炎,分为两型即AS和nr-axSpA。nr-axSpA包括放射学阴性axSpA 和低级别放射学异常(单侧≤2级或双侧1级骶髂关节炎)的axSpA(证据1,推荐A)。
尽管近20年axSpA这一名称的应用非常广泛,但至今尚无一个明确的定义。Rudwaleit等 [ 4 ] 在2004年首次使用axSpA时,指出这一新的疾病概念包括AS和以中轴受累为主的未分化脊柱关节炎。针对美国食品和药品监督管理局(FDA)关于疾病名称axSpA(尤其nr-axSpA)的质疑,北美的风湿病学医师组织“脊柱关节炎研究和治疗网络(SPARTAN)”和ASAS在2014年联合发表了一个声明,明确指出“axSpA是单独一种疾病实体包含r-axSpA(即AS)和nr-axSpA两个子集” [ 33 ] 。因此,从ASAS提出axSpA这一新名称的出发点上看,是想覆盖AS患者从出现临床症状至脊柱强直的整个病程,即nr-axSpA应为AS的早期阶段 [ 3-5 ] 。基于SpA的共同特征、AS的特征和ASAS赋予axSpA的含义,将axSpA定义为一种与HLA-B27密切相关的、主要累及中轴关节的慢性炎症性疾病,以附着点炎为主要病理特征,也可累及外周关节和关节外器官。
然而,在字面上“nr-axSpA”这一术语容易被误解,常常造成临床困惑 [ 33 ] 。从字面上看,“nr-axSpA”易被误解为“没有任何放射学异常”的axSpA,国内有风湿科医师甚至将其片面地翻译为“放射学阴性axSpA”。从ASAS的本义来看,术语“nr-axSpA”中的“非放射学”并不是指“无放射学异常”,而是指没有达到“放射学骶髂关节炎(即X线平片上骶髂关节炎的病变程度需要满足双侧≥2级或单侧≥3级)”的阶段 [ 6 ] 。因此,nr-axSpA不仅包括骶髂关节没有任何放射学异常的患者,也包括低级别的骶髂关节放射学异常(双侧1级骶髂关节炎或单侧≤2级骶髂关节炎)患者 [ 6 , 33 ] 。
另外,在字面上“axSpA”这一术语也有容易被误解之处,即axSpA是否包括其他SpA的中轴病变?ASAS专家的观点是axSpA患者伴发反应性关节炎、银屑病或IBD与AS患者伴发这些情况并无不同,目前还没有证据支持将axSpA患者分为不同亚型 [ 34 ] 。他们的理由是:反应性关节炎多为AS的初始表现;尚无专门针对IBD或银屑病伴发的axSpA的临床药物试验,且临床实践显示其与AS的治疗反应也一致。因此,理论上axSpA应该不包括其他SpA的中轴病变,但在目前的临床实践中尚无必要把其他SpA的中轴病变从axSpA患者中排除出去。
推荐意见2:MRI显示的骶髂关节骨髓水肿并非axSpA所特有,也可见于运动或体力劳动、妊娠、致密性骨炎、外伤、感染、肿瘤、代谢性骨病等(证据1,推荐A)。MRI显示的骶髂关节骨髓水肿伴关节面骨侵蚀,可提高MRI阳性骶髂关节炎的特异度(证据1,推荐A)。MRI显示骶髂关节无骨髓水肿,但骶髂关节面有明确的骨侵蚀可作为axSpA的诊断依据之一(证据2,推荐B)。脊柱MRI检出的炎症性病变(需排除感染和肿瘤性病变)可作为axSpA的诊断依据之一,但脊柱MRI不作为诊断该病的常规检查(证据3,推荐B)。
长期以来一直认为X线平片所显示的骶髂关节炎对于AS的诊断至关重要,也是1984年mNY标准的必要条件。1990年Ahlström等学者首次应用MRI 检测了27例怀疑SpA患者的骶髂关节。对于那些X线平片上骶髂关节正常或模棱两可的病变,但MRI上显示骶髂关节骨髓水肿的SpA患者,其中相当大的比例在3~7年后发生了明确的放射学骶髂关节炎,且骨髓水肿的严重程度与后期进展为AS的风险高度相关 [ 35 ] 。
在X线平片能检出明确的病变之前,MRI就可检出骶髂关节的炎症性病变和结构损伤。因此,2009年的ASAS-axSpA标准中把骶髂关节MRI和X线平片检查并列作为影像臂中二者择一的条件。当时ASAS/OMERACT MRI的工作小组确定了与骶髂关节炎相关的MRI表现,并给出了明确的“MRI阳性”骶髂关节炎的定义,即骨髓水肿/骨炎的明显存在 [ 36 ] 。在2016年的更新中,该工作小组指出骶髂关节MRI显示的结构性损伤病变有助于读片医师判断炎症性病变确实是由SpA引起的,但因MRI信号采集方法的差异和结构病变的复杂性难以确定一个可靠的判定标准(阈值);另外补充脊柱MRI显示的SpA相关特征也无额外的益处,因此没有修改“MRI阳性”的定义 [ 37 ] 。在2019年的更新过程中,由工作小组中7位具有超过10年评估axSpA骶髂关节病变经验的医师分别阅读了ASAS队列中278例骶髂关节的MRI影像,判读结果显示骶髂关节MRI中骨侵蚀和脂肪病变的判读可靠性明显低于骨髓水肿判读的可靠性。故仍维持“MRI阳性”骶髂关节炎的定义不变 [ 38 ] 。
自ASAS关于“MRI阳性”骶髂关节炎的定义发表后,越来越多的证据表明有很多情况可模拟“MRI阳性”。除了axSpA患者外,骶髂关节骨髓水肿或“MRI阳性”发生率较高的人群包括致密性髂骨炎 [ 39 , 40 ] 、妊娠晚期或分娩后(随着分娩后的时间延长,骶髂关节骨髓水肿的检出率降低) [ 41 -48 ] 、运动 [ 41 , 44 , 49 ] 、体力劳动 [ 44 , 45 ] 、军事训练 [ 50 ] 、腰椎间盘突出症 [ 44 , 45 ] 等。此外,骶髂关节的骨髓水肿还可能由感染(包括结核、布鲁氏菌病 [ 51 , 52 ] )、外伤或骨折、骨软化症/低磷性软骨病、骨肿瘤等原因所致。甚至健康人群也可能被MRI检出骶髂关节的骨髓水肿信号 [ 41 , 43 , 44 , 46 , 48 , 53 ] 。表明ASAS-axSpA标准依据“MRI阳性”作为分类/诊断的主要标准可能导致假阳性结果。相反,不管有或无骶髂关节骨髓水肿的axSpA患者均可有关节面骨侵蚀 [ 54 , 55 ] ,而致密性髂骨炎、妊娠、运动或健康人群通常无骨侵蚀 [ 40 , 42 , 44 , 45 , 53 ] 。且有研究表明,骶髂关节的骨侵蚀对于axSpA的特异度高于骨髓水肿 [ 42 , 54 , 56 ] ;联合应用骨髓水肿和(或)骨侵蚀这两种病变,可提高诊断nr-axSpA的灵敏度,但不降低特异度 [ 53 , 55-57 ] 。但是不伴骨髓水肿或骨侵蚀的脂肪沉积在识别nr-axSpA方面并没有价值 [ 58 ] 。
有3项研究表明,若骶髂关节MRI阴性,补充脊柱MRI检查对诊断nr-axSpA的额外益处不大 [ 6 , 59 , 60 ] ,但脊柱MRI检出的典型炎症性病变和结构性病变对axSpA也具有较高的特异度 [ 60 ] 。与之相反,另有一项研究显示,骶髂关节MRI阴性的nr-axSpA患者中,有49%的患者可在脊柱MRI上显示出炎症信号,表明补充脊柱MRI检查对诊断nr-axSpA有一定的额外益处 [ 61 ] 。
推荐意见3:CT显示骶髂关节炎结构改变的准确性优于X线平片和MRI(证据1,推荐A)。当MRI显示的骨侵蚀不确定时,CT显示的骶髂关节面骨侵蚀有助于nr-axSpA的诊断(证据2,推荐B)。
1981年Carrera等首先采用计算机断层扫描(CT)检查了健康志愿者和疑诊SpA患者的骶髂关节,并与X线平片相比较,结果表明CT影像显示骨侵蚀、骨硬化、骨性强直的灵敏度显著高于X线平片。其中被他们临床判断为“肯定SpA”的16例患者,X线平片和CT检出骶髂关节炎的灵敏度分别为50%和81%。国内外已有多项研究证明,X线平片诊断骶髂关节炎的灵敏度和特异度均为最低,MRI的灵敏度略高于CT,但特异度不如CT,且不同阅片医师之间CT判读结果的一致性最高;联合应用CT和MRI诊断骶髂关节炎的灵敏度和特异度则为最优 [ 62 , 63 ] 。
推荐意见4:采用2009年ASAS制定的中轴型脊柱关节炎分类标准(ASAS-axSpA标准)诊断nr-axSpA的特异度不高,应警惕误诊、加强随访(证据1,推荐A)。
ASAS-axSpA标准分两种应用场景,即影像臂和临床臂 [ 6 ] 。国内外已有多项研究验证了其诊断效能,灵敏度为68%~89.45%、特异度为61.8%~95% [ 64-69 ] 。采用ASAS-axSpA标准的临床臂诊断axSpA的特异度、阳性预测值低于影像臂 [ 6 , 67 , 70 ] 。一篇荟萃分析共纳入7项研究涉及研究对象4 990例,合并结果显示ASAS-axSpA标准的诊断灵敏度为82%(95% CI:0.77~0.86)、特异度为87%(95% CI:0.78~0.92) [ 71 ] 。由于AS比nr-axSpA更易识别,有理由推测,ASAS-axSpA分类标准诊断nr-axSpA患者的灵敏度和特异度肯定低于上述包含AS在内的axSpA患者。
值得注意的是,多数已发表的研究中用于验证的患者并不符合临床场景,导致ASAS-axSpA分类标准的灵敏度和特异度被严重高估。例如:(1)由于没有背痛的人群在应用ASAS-axSpA标准时不会出现假阳性,而文献[ 66 , 68 ]纳入了无背痛的患者肯定会导致特异度高于临床场景;(2)对于长病程(>5年)的患者出现误分类的概率肯定大大低于短病程(<1.5年)的患者,而研发ASAS-axSpA标准时纳入患者的病程多数>6~9年[axSpA组(6.1±7.6)年、非axSpA组(9.1±10.7)年] [ 6 ] ,文献[ 65 ]的病程则更长,居然多数对象>13年[axSpA组(13.4±7.7)年、非axSpA组(13.6±6.9)年],势必导致灵敏度和特异度高于临床场景中所面临的早期患者;(3)axSpA患者中,由于AS患者被漏诊、误诊的概率均要远低于nr-axSpA患者,因此在验证时包含AS患者的数量越多,将导致ASAS-axSpA标准的灵敏度和特异度越高,如文献[ 6 ]中包含了30%的AS患者,文献[ 69 ]中包含了70.8%的AS患者;(4)非axSpA患者数(阴性样本量)多于axSpA患者数(阳性样本量)时,尤其是包含不能模拟axSpA临床表现的阴性人群时,将导致特异度被高估,如文献[ 65 , 66 ]。相对而言,文献[ 67 ]纳入的751例对象更加接近临床场景,他们的起病年龄<45岁、慢性背痛≥3个月且至少伴以下3个特征之一:HLA-B27阳性、当前炎症性背痛、MRI/X线平片显示骶髂关节炎证据。其中697例患者被风湿病学专家分别确诊为axSpA 319例、非axSpA 378例。应用ASAS-axSpA标准分类的灵敏度和特异度分别为80.9%和79.4%。被误分类为nr-axSpA的72例患者中,62例(86.1%)是因为临床臂被误分类,10例(13.9%)是因为影像臂被误分类。值得注意的是,该研究纳入对象的平均病程长达14年,因此其得出的灵敏度和特异度也应高于实际临床场景。
分类标准主要是为了使临床研究纳入的对象具有一致性,除非一个分类标准在内部验证和外部验证的灵敏度和特异度均为100%时,分类标准才能等同于诊断标准 [ 72 ] 。因此,风湿科医师应该谨记,在做出临床诊断时不能简单套用分类标准,否则极易导致误诊、漏诊。
推荐意见5:部分符合ASAS-axSpA分类标准的nr-axSpA患者会进展为AS,进展的危险因素包括HLA-B27阳性、骶髂关节骨髓水肿、骶髂关节炎的结构改变、高疾病活动度、吸烟等(证据2,推荐B)。
已有研究表明,HLA-B27阳性和阴性的AS患者从出现症状至确诊所需的时间分别为5.3~8.5年和9.2~11.4年 [ 2 , 73 ] 。如果符合ASAS-axSpA分类标准的nr-axSpA属于AS的早期阶段,在随访10年后理论上至少应该有一半以上的患者将从nr-axSpA阶段进展到r-axSpA阶段。然而,多个队列研究显示nr-axSpA患者在随访2、10年后,进展率分别只有4.9%~11.6%、5.8%~24.6% [ 16-19 , 74-77 ] ;从nr-axSpA进展为r-axSpA的危险因素有基线期MRI显示的骶髂关节骨髓水肿(MRI阳性)、骶髂关节的结构损害(X线平片显示的低级别骶髂关节炎)、HLA-B27阳性、高疾病活动度[ASDAS≥2.1和(或)CRP升高],尤以骶髂关节MRI阳性同时伴HLA-B27阳性者的进展风险最高。也有报道男性和吸烟(仅HLA-B27也阳性时)与高风险有关 [ 16-19 , 74-78 ] ,长期的TNFi治疗可降低进展风险 [ 19 , 79 , 80 ] 。
最低的进展率来自法国DESIR队列659例早期axSpA患者(其中244例接受了TNFi治疗)的2~10年观察性研究,在完成随访的患者中从nr-axSpA进展为r-axSpA的患者净比例(进展者减去反向进展者)分别为:2年时4.9%(16/326) [ 16 ] 、5年时5.1%(21/416) [ 74 ] 和10年时5.8%(17/294) [ 19 ] 。最高的进展率来自德国GESPIC队列中95例nr-axSpA患者(其中仅1例接受了TNFi治疗),随访2年后从nr-axSpA进展到AS的比例为11.6%(11/95) [ 75 ] ;法国132例有阳性家族史的nr-axSpA患者,随访3~15年后27.3%的nr-axSpA患者进展为r-axSpA。采用生存曲线估计,经过10、15年的随访,进展率分别达到24.6%(95% CI:14.9~33.2)和68.5%(95% CI:43.6~82.4) [ 76 ] 。
罗切斯特流行病学项目中,83例新发的nr-axSpA患者经过平均10.6年的随访,只有16例(19.3%)进展为AS,采用生存曲线估计在5、10和15年时的进展率分别为6.4%、17.3%和26.4%。随访15年,采用影像臂诊断的nr-axSpA患者发展为AS的概率为28%,而采用临床臂诊断的nr-axSpA患者发展为AS的概率为17% [ 17 ] 。Gong等 [ 81 ] 报道,在骶髂关节炎经组织病理证实的34例nr-axSpA患者中,经过5~10年随访18例(52.9%)进展为AS。
推荐意见6:应开展患者教育 a,并鼓励患者规律锻炼 b和戒烟 a( a证据2,推荐A; b证据4,推荐C)。
2019版ACR关于AS和nr-axSpA的治疗指南 [ 30 ] 和2022版ASAS-EULAR关于axSpA的管理指南 [ 25 ] ,均推荐对所有axSpA患者都应进行患者教育。鼓励患者成为疾病管理的主动参与者,应教育其相关疾病知识,包括疾病症状的表现、症状的识别、疾病演变进程、病情的评估方法、可供选择的治疗方案以及预后方面的信息,提高患者的自我管理能力、治疗依从性,并鼓励患者规律锻炼和戒烟等。患者教育应贯穿整个病程,形式可多种多样,例如团体和(或)个体、面对面和(或)线上互动、电话、书面材料或多媒体等。EULAR还专门针对炎症性关节疾病制定了患者教育指南(2015版) [ 82 ] 。
目前尚无患者教育影响nr-axSpA患者预后的直接证据。仅有一个随机对照研究纳入了502例axSpA患者,结果显示受教育组每月居家锻炼的次数和每次的持续时间以及BASDAI的降低均优于未受教育组 [ 83 ] 。另有一篇系统综述支持患者教育对AS患者的疾病活动度、功能和脊柱活动度有少许改善作用 [ 84 ] 。
锻炼是axSpA管理的基石,已证明锻炼可独立于药物治疗对AS患者的结局产生益处,医护人员有责任促进患者锻炼。因为运动对疼痛、功能和生活质量都有好处,所有患者均应参加运动锻炼,在力所能及的范围内规律运动,既要做有氧运动也要做肌力训练,目标为中等强度。
迄今只有2个小规模的短期研究结果支持锻炼(非有氧运动)对nr-axSpA的病情或预后的改善有益处 [ 85-87 ] 。基于axSpA(多数为AS)患者的一些相对高质量间接证据的系统综述 [ 84 , 88 -94 ] ,多数研究结果表明传统的有氧运动对axSpA患者的疼痛、功能和疾病活动度无明显效果;有氧运动配合肌力锻炼,对功能和疾病活动度的改善有一定的效果,但不同研究对疼痛的改善结果并不一致;不同研究关于水上运动在改善疼痛、功能和疾病活动度方面的结果并不一致,但一致认为水上运动不能改善脊柱活动能力;基于群体的锻炼或者有监督的锻炼比居家锻炼在改善功能和疾病活动度方面更有效。
尽管尚无戒烟对nr-axSpA转归是否有益处的直接研究,但是吸烟已被证明是axSpA(包括AS和nr-axSpA)患者中疾病进展的危险因素 [ 16 , 95 -97 ] ,与较高的疾病活动性、较差的功能状态和较差的生活质量相关 [ 95 , 98 ] 。基于所有与吸烟相关的众所周知的健康风险,建议戒烟应该是合理的。
推荐意见7:NSAIDs是治疗活动期nr-axSpA患者的一线药物(证据1,推荐A),非活动期患者可按需服用NSAIDs(证据3,推荐B)。
尽管循证证据级别“极低”,但2019版ACR关于AS和nr-axSpA的治疗指南中,对于活动期nr-axSpA患者仍强烈推荐NSAIDs治疗,并且有条件地推荐持续应用NSAID s而不是按需应用;对于非活动期nr-axSpA患者,有条件地推荐按需应用NSAID s而不是持续应用;联合NSAID s和TNFi治疗的nr-axSpA患者当病情稳定后,可停用NSAID s而不是停用TNFi [ 30 ] 。2022版ASAS-EULAR关于axSpA的管理指南中,对于有疼痛和僵硬的axSpA患者推荐使用NSAIDs作为一线药物治疗,权衡利弊后可用至最大剂量;对NSAIDs应答良好的患者,如果需要控制症状,最好持续使用。考虑到长期安全性,如果不是为了持续控制症状,则推荐按需服用NSAID s [ 25 ] 。因为迄今并无可靠证据证实持续服用足量NSAID s可延缓AS脊柱病变的放射学进展 [ 99 , 100 ] 。
有小规模的研究表明,活动期nr-axSpA和AS患者应用NSAID s足量治疗4~6周,对症状均有改善且两组患者间无显著差异,但NSAIDs对客观炎症(CRP和MRI上的骶髂关节骨髓水肿)较治疗前无明显改善作用,且非选择性NSAIDs与环氧合酶(COX)-2抑制剂的疗效也无差异;且有较高比例的患者在研究期间不能坚持足量持续服用 [ 101 , 102 ] ;仅有一个来自中国的、小样本的单臂研究显示,应用NSAID s足量治疗早期axSpA患者24~48周,其中68%的患者完成研究,30%(10/33)患者的骨髓水肿信号消失 [ 103 ] 。
一篇纳入29项随机对照试验和2项半随机对照试验共4 356例nr-axSpA患者的荟萃分析发现,与安慰剂相比,传统NSAIDs或COX-2抑制剂在第6周均能显著改善疼痛程度、BASDAI和Bath强直性脊柱炎计量指数(BASMI),但二者的胃肠道不良事件也多于安慰剂 [ 104 ] 。有4项临床试验( n=995)直接对比了传统NSAIDs和COX-2抑制剂,结果显示,两者在疗效和安全性方面均无显著性差异。有24项试验比较了两种NSAIDs,没有任何一种NSAID在主要疗效指标或安全性方面能一致性地表现更优。简言之,高质量的证据表明,传统NSAIDs和COX-2抑制剂在治疗axSpA时,二者的短期疗效和安全性均无显著差异,不同的NSAIDs也是疗效相当。
推荐意见8:对NSAIDs应答不佳或不耐受的活动期nr-axSpA患者,推荐TNFi或IL-17i(证据1,推荐A)。
TNFi:已有7个独立的随机双盲安慰剂对照研究分别证实了不同的TNFi(包括依那西普/Ⅱ型TNF受体-抗体融合蛋白、英夫利西单抗、阿达木单抗、培塞利珠单抗、戈利木单抗)对≥2种 NSAIDs合计应用4周以上应答不佳或不耐受的活动期nr-axSpA患者的ASAS40应答率显著高于安慰剂组,次要研究终点如ASAS20应答率、BASDAI50应答率、无疾病活动度(ASDAS-CRP<1.3)达标率也均高于安慰剂组 [ 105-111 ] ,并且TNFi组的MRI上骶髂关节炎症和(或)脊柱炎症评分的降低显著大于安慰剂组 [ 106-109 ] 。在安慰剂对照研究结束后进入开放标签期的延长研究表明,这些TNFi的应答率可持续维持52~104周 [ 105 , 109 , 112-115 ] 。多项研究还发现基线期CRP水平升高、基线期骶髂关节MRI炎症评分较高的患者对TNFi呈现出更好的疗效 [ 105 , 107 , 111 , 116 ] 。与历史对照组相比,持续应用依那西普2年可减轻骶髂关节面的骨侵蚀程度 [ 117 ] 。
2015年的一篇荟萃分析共纳入20项关于TNFi治疗活动期axSpA患者的随机双盲安慰剂对照试验,其中15项研究关于AS、4项关于nr-axSpA、1项关于AS和nr-axSpA。与安慰剂相比,AS患者和nr-axSpA患者均对TNFi呈现出更好的临床疗效,如ASAS40应答率的比值比( OR)分别为4.7(95% CI:3.75~5.98)和3.62(95% CI:2.45~5.34) [ 118 ] 。2024年的一篇系统综述共纳入8项关于TNFi治疗活动期nr-axSpA患者的随机双盲安慰剂对照试验,共包括1 376例患者,结果发现,与安慰剂相比,TNFi治疗组达ASAS40、BASDAI50、ASAS部分缓解率的合并风险比( RR)为2.36(95% CI:1.63~3.42)、2.06(95% CI:1.48~2.89)和2.33(95% CI:1.58~3.43) [ 119 ] 。上述数据均表明TNFi确实能有效治疗nr-axSpA。
IL-17i:多项研究已证实3种IL-17i,包括抗IL-17A的单克隆抗体司库奇尤单抗和依奇珠单抗,以及抗IL-17A和IL-17F的双重抑制剂比奇珠单抗,对NSAIDs应答不佳或不耐受的活动期nr-axSpA患者,或在应用NSAIDs≥4周后仍有客观炎症[CRP水平升高和(或)骶髂关节MRI仍有骨髓水肿信号]的活动期nr-axSpA患者的有效性和安全性 [ 120-128 ] 。另外,仅含小样本nr-axSpA患者的随机双盲安慰剂对照研究及其延长期研究初步证实了抗IL-17受体A的单克隆抗体布达鲁单抗(brodalumab)对活动期axSpA患者的有效性和安全性 [ 129 , 130 ] 。
依奇珠单抗、有或无负荷剂量的司库奇尤单抗治疗nr-axSpA患者1周后,ASAS40应答率均显著高于安慰剂组,且可持续到第52周;依奇珠单抗或司库奇尤单抗在第16周骶髂关节MRI骨髓水肿评分的改善均显著高于安慰剂组 [ 120 , 123 ] 。基线期存在CRP水平升高、MRI显示活动性骶髂关节炎证据的nr-axSpA患者对司库奇尤单抗或依奇珠单抗的治疗应答更敏感 [ 121 , 124 ] 。延长期研究结果显示,依奇珠单抗在第116、156周仍可维持ASAS40应答率、ASDAS-CRP低疾病活动度达标率 [ 125 , 126 ] 。在缓解axSpA患者(含29%的nr-axSpA患者)的脊柱疼痛方面,司库奇尤单抗亦优于安慰剂 [ 122 ] 。欧洲国家的真实世界研究也证实了司库奇尤单抗对nr-axSpA患者的疗效 [ 131 ] 。对于接受司库奇尤单抗治疗4个月以上的530例axSpA患者(含178例nr-axSpA),患者和风湿病学专家对司库奇尤单抗治疗的满意度分别为80.2%和91.2% [ 132 ] 。
比奇珠单抗治疗nr-axSpA患者16周,ASAS40应答率、ASDAS-CRP低疾病活动度达标率以及骶髂关节MRI的炎症评分改善等疗效指标均优于安慰剂 [ 127 ] 。在24周内比奇珠单抗治疗的ASAS40应答率持续增加,起效时间为1~2周,高敏CRP水平也在治疗2周内开始下降 [ 127 ] ,并且应答率可持续到第52周 [ 128 ] 。一项网状荟萃分析共纳入了36项临床试验,在多数未用过bDMARDs或JAKi的nr-axSpA患者分析中,比奇珠单抗的ASAS20应答率显著高于有或无负荷剂量的司库奇尤单抗150 mg,与依奇珠单抗、TNFi和乌帕替尼相比具有类似的应答率,比奇珠单抗与其他bDMARDs/JAKi的安全性相似 [ 133 ] 。
推荐意见9:对NSAIDs应答不佳或不耐受且有客观炎症证据的活动期nr-axSpA患者,推荐乌帕替尼(证据2,推荐B);对生物制剂(bDMARDs)应答不佳或不耐受的活动期nr-axSpA患者,推荐乌帕替尼(证据2,推荐B)。在乌帕替尼不可及或不耐受时,可考虑托法替布或非戈替尼等(证据3,推荐B)。
除选择性JAK1抑制剂乌帕替尼(upadacitinib)外,其他JAKi尚无治疗nr-axSpA的直接证据,但有治疗AS的随机对照试验证据。在一项双盲期52周的安慰剂对照研究中,对≥2种NSAIDs反应不足或不耐受或对NSAIDs有禁忌且有客观炎症的nr-axSpA患者,在治疗第2周,乌帕替尼(15 mg每日1次口服)组的ASAS40应答率就开始高于安慰剂组;在第14周,乌帕替尼组的ASAS40应答率(45%)高于安慰剂组(23%),BASDAI50应答率、低疾病活动度达标率也分别高于安慰剂组,MRI上骶髂关节和脊柱的炎症程度改善也分别优于安慰剂组。亚组分析显示,对于既往未应用过和曾应用过bDMARD的nr-axSpA患者,乌帕替尼的ASAS40应答率分别为51%(55/107)和33%(16/49),均分别高于安慰剂的22%(23/103)和24%(13/54);曾应用过TNFi者和曾应用过IL-17i者,乌帕替尼的ASAS40应答率分别为32%(14/44)和40%(2/5),均分别高于安慰剂的23%(9/40)和27%(3/11) [ 134 ] 。在第52周乌帕替尼组(130例)的ASAS40应答率(63%)和无疾病活动度(ASDAS<1.3)达标率(33%)均高于安慰剂组(129例)的43%和11% [ 135 ] 。
另有2项独立的随机双盲安慰剂对照研究分别证明,乌帕替尼对未接受过bDMARD的活动期AS患者 [ 136 ] 或对1~2个bDMARD应答不佳的活动期AS患者均有效 [ 137 ] 。ASAS40应答的起效时间前者为2周、后者为4周。在乌帕替尼治疗14周后,疗效仍持续增加,在32~40周时达平台期,且可维持到52周以上 [ 138 , 139 ] 。
JAK1/JAK3抑制剂托法替布(tofacitinib)5 mg每日2次或选择性JAK1抑制剂非戈替尼(filgotinib)200 mg每日1次口服治疗活动期AS患者分别有2个、1个独立的随机双盲安慰剂对照研究证实其疗效 [ 140-142 ] 。托法替布组的ASAS40在4周内出现差异,疗效可持续到48周 [ 140 , 141 ] 。非戈替尼组的平均ASDAS变化值在1周时显示出差异,但在12周内有1例患者发生了深静脉血栓 [ 142 ] 。事后分析显示,非戈替尼组在第12周MRI上骶髂关节的骨侵蚀评分较基线期下降,且骨侵蚀评分的变化与炎症评分的变化呈正相关 [ 143 ] 。Li等 [ 144 ] 在一项纳入4项研究(涉及托法替布的2个、涉及乌帕替尼和非戈替尼的各1个)共779例活动期AS患者的系统综述中,荟萃分析结果显示,与安慰剂组相比,JAKi组的ASAS20、ASAS40、BASDAI50等疗效指标均更优,且可更好地改善患者的生活质量和工作能力。附着点炎作为nr-axSpA的特征之一,Jubber等 [ 145 ] 系统综述显示托法替布、乌帕替尼和非戈替尼均较安慰剂可更明显地降低附着点炎评分。
推荐意见10:合并复发性葡萄膜炎史,优先选择单克隆抗体类TNFi(证据1,推荐A);合并IBD,优先选择单克隆抗体类TNFi(证据1,推荐A),也可选择乌帕替尼(证据3,推荐B),但不宜选择IL-17i(证据2,推荐B);合并较重的银屑病或敏感部位的银屑病,优先选择IL-17i(证据1,推荐A)。
葡萄膜炎是axSpA常见的关节外表现。已有许多研究证明,单克隆抗体类TNFi(包括英夫利西单抗、阿达木单抗、培塞利珠单抗和戈利木单抗)可减少AS或axSpA患者葡萄膜炎的复发,但依那西普不能明显减少葡萄膜炎的复发 [ 146-153 ] 。比较研究显示,抗TNF单抗减少axSpA患者葡萄膜炎复发的作用比依那西普或司库奇尤强 [ 154-156 ] 。阿达木单抗还成功获批了治疗非感染性葡萄膜炎的适应证 [ 157 ] ,而司库奇尤单抗治疗非感染性葡萄膜炎的3个临床研究均以失败告终 [ 158 ] 。2021年的一篇系统综述分析了TNFi和IL-17i治疗axSpA的过程中葡萄膜炎的发生风险,共纳入33篇随机双盲对照研究,包括4 544例患者(抗TNF单抗2 101例、依那西普699例、IL-17i 1 744例、安慰剂2 497例),荟萃结果显示抗TNF单抗组葡萄膜炎的发生率低于安慰剂组,而依那西普组、IL-17i组葡萄膜炎的发生率与安慰剂组无显著差异 [ 159 ] 。
IBD包括克罗恩病和溃疡性结肠炎。许多研究表明抗TNF单抗治疗的AS患者比使用依那西普治疗的患者发生IBD加重的风险更低 [ 160-162 ] ,且已有的随机对照研究证实英夫利西单抗 [ 163 , 164 ] 、阿达木单抗 [ 165-167 ] 对克罗恩病和溃疡性结肠炎均有效,戈利木单抗 [ 168-170 ] 对溃疡性结肠炎有效,培塞利珠单抗 [ 171 , 172 ] 对克罗恩病有效。队列研究也证实戈利木单抗对克罗恩病有一定效果 [ 173 ] 。但是随机对照研究证实依那西普对克罗恩病无效 [ 174 ] 。丹麦的登记队列研究表明依那西普治疗甚至增高克罗恩病和溃疡性结肠炎的发生风险 [ 175 ] 。已有的随机对照研究证实乌帕替尼对克罗恩病和溃疡性结肠炎均有效 [ 176 , 177 ] ;托法替布对溃疡性结肠炎有效 [ 178 ] 、但对克罗恩病无效 [ 179 , 180 ] 。
多项研究或上市后监测数据发现,IL-17A抑制剂司库奇尤单抗和依奇珠单抗,以及IL-17受体A抑制剂布达鲁单抗均有诱发或加重IBD的风险 [ 181-185 ] 。因此,nr-axSpA患者合并IBD时不推荐应用IL-17i。此外,伴IBD时也不推荐应用NSAID(包括COX-2抑制剂),因为其具有潜在的胃肠道损害不良反应。
尽管TNFi和IL-17i都能有效减轻银屑病,但是有系统综述表明IL-17i对银屑病皮损的改善作用强于TNFi [ 186 , 187 ] ,而且已有头对头的比较研究证实司库奇尤单抗、依奇单抗治疗银屑病关节炎时,其改善关节炎的疗效与阿达木单抗相当,但改善银屑病皮损的疗效均优于阿达木单抗 [ 188 , 189 ] 。
推荐意见11:对一种bDMARD原发性应答不佳时,可转换为另一种作用机制的bDMARD或JAKi(证据2,推荐B)。对一种bDMARD继发性失效时,可转换为同一类别内结构不同的bDMARD,也可转换为另一种作用机制的bDMARD或JAKi(证据3,推荐B)。
目前已有3类不同作用机制的靶向DMARDs可治疗nr-axSpA,即TNFi、IL-17i和JAKi,且每个类别还有数种药物可供选择。当患者应用一种bDMARD后无明显应答,且经再评估后患者的病情确实有必要应用靶向DMARDs治疗,应转换为另一种。
观察性研究显示,对一种TNFi无应答的axSpA患者在换用第2种TNFi后仍可能会有应答,但其应答率会低于第1种TNFi [ 190-193 ] ,且原发性无效者的应答率又低于继发性失效者 [ 193 ] 。一项队列观察,在一种TNFi 治疗失败后换用司库奇尤单抗或另一种TNFi治疗axSpA患者(约含1/5的nr-axSpA患者),尽管换用司库奇尤单抗的患者在基线期有更高的BASDAI、Bath强直性脊柱炎功能指数(BASFI)、BASMI和CRP水平,换用1年时两种药物转换模式的BASDAI50应答率无显著差异 [ 194 ] ,表明在一种TNFi治疗失败后转换为另一种TNFi或IL-17i均可能会有效。
一项随机双盲对照研究延长期的亚组分析,对于未曾应用过bDMARDs的114例AS患者,在依奇珠单抗治疗的第116周达到ASAS40和ASDAS-CRP低疾病活动度的应答率分别为64.9%、57.0%;对于应用过TNFi的134例AS患者,上述应答率则有所降低,分别为47.0%和33.6% [ 125 ] 。有4项独立的随机双盲对照研究的亚组分析表明,曾对1种TNFi不应答或不耐受的AS患者与未用过TNFi的患者相比,不同剂量或不同给药方式的司库奇尤单抗在第16、52、104周都同样有效 [ 195-198 ] 。有2项随机双盲平行对照研究的亚组分析表明,比奇珠单抗对未用过TNFi以及TNFi不应答的nr-axSpA或AS患者在第16、52周均同样有效 [ 127 , 128 ] 。另一项随机双盲对照研究进一步证实,曾对1~2种TNFi不应答或不耐受的AS患者换用依奇珠单抗治疗16周后的ASAS40应答率显著高于安慰剂组,1周内起效,并可持续52周 [ 199 , 200 ] 。这些研究结果表明,在一种TNFi 治疗失败后转换为IL-17i可获得病情改善。
一项研究表明,未用过bDMARDs或对bDMARDs(TNFi或IL-17i)应答不佳的nr-axSpA患者,乌帕替尼短期或长期治疗后ASAS40的应答率等疗效指标均高于各自的安慰剂对照组,且未用过bDMARDs组的应答率高于bDMARDs应答不佳组 [ 134 , 135 ] 。另一项随机双盲对照研究进一步证实,对bDMARDs(TNFi或IL-17i)应答不佳的AS患者,乌帕替尼短期或长期治疗均有显著效果,且TNFi应答不佳者与IL-17i应答不佳者对乌帕替尼的应答率无显著差异 [ 137 , 139 ] 。托法替布对用过TNFi或对TNFi不应答的AS患者仍有效,但应答率低于未用过bDMARDs的患者 [ 141 ] 。这些结果表明,在一种TNFi或IL-17i治疗失败后可转换为乌帕替尼或其他JKAi。
推荐意见12:bDMARDs治疗后达到临床缓解并持续12周以上,可考虑延长bDMARDs的给药间隔时间或减少剂量,但不推荐过早或突然停用bDMARDs(证据2,推荐B)。
尽管2019版ACR关于AS和nr-axSpA的治疗指南中,有条件地反对处于病情稳定期的AS或nr-axSpA患者停用生物制剂,也有条件地反对把生物制剂减量作为稳定期患者的标准方案 [ 30 ] 。但是2022版ASAS-EULAR关于axSpA的管理指南中,推荐病情处于持续缓解(至少6个月)的axSpA患者可考虑逐步减少bDMARDs [ 25 ] 。
已有4个随机对照研究分别证实处于持续缓解(ASDAS-CRP<1.3,至少12周)的nr-axSpA患者在停用阿达木单抗或依那西普后,短期内的病情复发率很高 [ 201 , 202 ] ;处于持续缓解(ASDAS-CRP<1.3,至少12周)的axSpA患者(含nr-axSpA患者),停用培塞利珠单抗或依奇珠单抗后,短期内的病情复发率很高,而培塞利珠单抗或依奇珠单抗减量(给药间隔时间延长1倍)的病情复发率与标准剂量组相近 [ 203 , 204 ] 。一项回顾性研究也表明,nr-axSpA和AS患者应用bDMARDs至少1年,且达到病情缓解至少6个月,bDMARDs的给药间隔延长所致病情复发的风险较小,但停用bDMARDs的复发风险较高,其中nr-axSpA患者的病情复发所需时间较AS患者更长 [ 205 ] 。
另有多个荟萃分析表明,与标准剂量相比,生物制剂的撤药或完全停用将使病情处于持续缓解的AS患者所面临的病情复发风险增加,而bDMARDs的逐渐减量导致AS的复发率与标准剂量相当 [ 204 -210 ] 。目前尚无关于JAKi的减量或停药对nr-axSpA或AS病情复发影响的研究。
四、总结与展望
从字面上看,axSpA似乎是一组疾病,尤其是在把axSpA与外周型SpA作为SpA一个整体时,但axSpA这一病名在本意上又只是一种独立疾病体 [ 3-5 , 33 , 34 ] 。国内外文献在提到axSpA时仅解释其包括AS和nr-axSpA,而在提到nr-axSpA时又解释其为axSpA中除外AS的部分。本指南结合ASAS提出axSpA这一概念的出发点、本意及AS的疾病特征,在国际上首先提出了能描述axSpA疾病本质的明确定义,从而有助于临床医师在理解其含义的基础上,在临床工作中准确鉴别出真正的axSpA,尤其是nr-axSpA,从而做出准确诊断。此外,本指南也强调了不应把nr-axSpA片面地理解为放射学阴性axSpA,nr-axSpA在本质上不仅包含放射学阴性axSpA,还包含骶髂关节低级别放射学异常的axSpA。
除了结构损伤明显的骶髂关节炎外,axSpA缺乏可靠的诊断标志,国内外越来越多的风湿科医师意识到nr-axSpA的诊断并不容易 [ 8 , 10 , 11 ] 。本指南特别强调了符合ASAS-axSpA标准但又不符合mNY标准的患者并不一定都是真正的nr-axSpA患者,应加强临床综合判断,减少误诊。因为应用ASAS-axSpA标准 [ 6 ] 对axSpA,尤其是nr-axSpA,进行临床分类时,其特异度并不理想 [ 71 ] ,以至于已发表文献中nr-axSpA患者的性别比例、HLA-B27阳性率、CRP水平升高者比例等临床特征与AS患者明显不同 [ 211 , 212 ] ,以至于有学者对nr-axSpA究竟是AS的早期阶段还是不同于AS的疾病体发生争论 [ 213 , 214 ] 。根本原因在于已发表的文献中采用ASAS-axSpA标准分类为nr-axSpA的患者并非全部是早期AS患者,也因此导致已发表的文献中nr-axSpA患者在经过10年随访后进展为AS的比例很低(5.8%~24.6%) [ 16-19 , 75-78 ] 。而经骶髂关节组织病理学证实的nr-axSpA患者进展为AS的比例则相对较高(5~10年的进展率达52.9%) [ 84 ] 。除了已有的验证研究外 [ 71 ] ,符合ASAS-axSpA标准的nr-axSpA患者中,女性比例过高、HLA-B27阳性率偏低、CRP水平增高者的比例偏低、进展为AS的比例偏低 [ 16-19 , 75-78 , 211 , 212 ] ,均间接表明套用ASAS-axSpA分类标准会导致nr-axSpA的过度诊断。已有研究表明,nr-axSpA队列经过一段时间随访后,其中一部分患者的诊断在后期会被否定 [ 11 , 32 ] 。
对NSAIDs不耐受或应答不佳的活动期nr-axSpA患者,本指南先推荐选用bDMARDs然后再推荐JAKi,最主要的原因是bDMARDs治疗nr-axSpA的证据多于JAKi。在选用bDMARDs时没有区分TNFi和IL-17i的先后次序,而只是根据关节外表现对单抗类TNFi和IL-17i的先后次序作了推荐。对靶向DMARDs应答不佳的nr-axSpA患者,在总体原则中特别强调需重新评估其诊断的准确性以及是否存在合并症而夸大或干扰了疾病活动度的评判。因nr-axSpA的发病机制复杂,对于bDMARDs原发性无应答者,原来阻断的通路可能在发病机制中不起重要作用,因此推荐转换为不同作用机制的bDMARDs或JAKi;而继发性失效者,原来阻断的通路可能在发病机制中起重要作用,因此推荐可在同一类别选择结构不同的bDMARDs或作用机制不同的靶向DMARDs。
在患者病情达到缓解后,bDMARDs还需要应用多长时间一直是医师和患者最为关心的问题。有证据表明bDMARDs的剂量减少一半或给药间隔时间延长1倍,与维持标准方案的病情复发率相当。因此,本指南与ACR2019版的指南 [ 30 ] 不同,与EULAR2022版的指南 [ 25 ] 相似,推荐在达临床持续缓解后可减少bDMARDs的剂量或延长给药的间隔时间。但本指南中持续缓解的时间只要求达到12周以上,而不是EULAR要求的6个月以上,这是因为已有的4个随机对照研究只要求患者持续缓解12周以上 [ 201-204 ] 。上述两个指南均反对停用bDMARDs,而本指南只是反对“过早或突然”停用bDMARDs。因为一方面单纯反对停用,会产生需要持续应用一辈子的错觉;另一方面在持续缓解达到数年后,停用bDMARDs也有可能病情不会复发,而且即使停药后病情复发再恢复用药也可重新获得病情控制 [ 215 ] 。因此对部分达数年缓解的nr-axSpA患者缓慢减少bDMARDs用量后也许可尝试停药,但其中利弊尚需要观察更长时间的数据支持。
总之,本指南在国际上首先明确了axSpA的定义,强调了临床诊断nr-axSpA的注意事项,多数符合ASAS-axSpA分类标准的nr-axSpA患者并不会进展为AS,并为nr-axSpA的准确诊断和规范治疗提出了具有操作性的具体推荐。
本指南制订专家委员会名单(按姓氏汉语拼音排序)
牵头专家:戴生明(上海市第六人民医院风湿免疫科);徐沪济(海军军医大学第二附属医院风湿免疫科);赵岩(中国医学科学院 北京协和医学院 北京协和医院风湿免疫科)
执笔专家:戴生明(上海市第六人民医院风湿免疫科)
风湿病学专家:曹恒(浙江大学医学院附属第一医院风湿免疫科);陈竹(中国科学技术大学附属第一医院风湿免疫科);程永静(北京医院风湿免疫科);池淑红(宁夏医科大学总医院风湿免疫科);达展云(南通大学附属医院风湿免疫科);戴冽(中山大学孙逸仙纪念医院风湿免疫科);戴生明(上海市第六人民医院风湿免疫科);董凌莉(华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院风湿免疫科);段利华(江西省人民医院风湿免疫科);高洁(海军军医大学第一附属医院风湿免疫科);何东仪(上海市光华中西医结合医院风湿免疫科);何岚(西安交通大学第一附属医院风湿免疫科);黄安斌(华中科技大学同济医学院附属协和医院风湿免疫科);黄新翔(广西壮族自治区人民医院风湿免疫科);姜林娣(复旦大学附属中山医院风湿免疫科);孔晓丹(大连医科大学附属第二医院风湿免疫科);李芬(中南大学湘雅二医院风湿免疫科);李鸿斌(内蒙古医科大学附属医院风湿免疫科);李龙(贵州医科大学附属医院风湿免疫科);林玲(汕头大学医学院第一附属医院风湿免疫科);林书典(海南省人民医院风湿免疫科);刘炬(九江市第一人民医院风湿免疫科);刘冬舟(深圳市人民医院风湿免疫科);罗卉(中南大学湘雅医院风湿免疫科);莫汉有(广西医科大学第一附属医院风湿免疫科);穆荣(北京大学第三医院风湿免疫科);潘云峰(中山大学附属第三医院风湿免疫科);沈海丽(兰州大学第二医院风湿免疫科);石桂秀(厦门大学附属第一医院风湿免疫科);史晓飞(河南科技大学第一附属医院风湿免疫科);舒强(山东大学齐鲁医院风湿科);孙红胜(山东第一医科大学附属省立医院风湿免疫科);谈文峰(南京医科大学第一附属医院风湿免疫科);王彩虹(山西医科大学第二医院风湿免疫科);魏蔚(天津医科大学总医院风湿免疫科);吴歆(海军军医大学第二附属医院风湿免疫科);吴振彪(空军军医大学唐都医院风湿免疫科);武丽君(新疆维吾尔自治区人民医院风湿免疫科 新疆类风湿关节炎临床医学研究中心);徐健(昆明医科大学第一附属医院风湿免疫科);徐沪济(海军军医大学第二附属医院风湿免疫科);徐胜前(安徽医科大学第一附属医院风湿免疫科);薛静(浙江大学医学院附属第二医院风湿免疫科);叶霜(上海交通大学医学院附属仁济医院风湿病科);张风肖(河北医科大学第一医院风湿免疫科);张莉芸(山西白求恩医院 山西医学科学院风湿免疫科);张卓莉(北京大学第一医院风湿免疫科);赵令(吉林大学第一医院风湿免疫科);赵岩(中国医学科学院 北京协和医学院 北京协和医院风湿免疫科);赵毅(四川大学华西医院风湿免疫科);赵彦萍(哈尔滨医科大学附属第一医院风湿免疫科);朱静(四川省人民医院风湿免疫科);朱小霞(复旦大学附属华山医院风湿免疫科);邹庆华(陆军军医大学第一附属医院风湿免疫科)
影像学专家:崔光彬(空军军医大学唐都医院影像科);顾晓丽(上海市光华中西医结合医院放射科);李跃华(上海市第六人民医院放射科);王晓红(中山大学附属第三医院放射科);箫毅(海军军医大学第二附属医院放射诊断科);许玉峰(北京大学第一医院影像科);周滟(上海交通大学医学院附属仁济医院放射科)
方法学专家:李静(四川大学华西医院临床流行病学与循证医学中心)
外审专家:肖卫国(中国医科大学附属第一医院风湿免疫科);张缪佳(南京医科大学第一附属医院风湿免疫科);朱平(空军军医大学西京医院临床免疫科)
学术秘书:何珍、童强、张华、崔然(上海市第六人民医院风湿免疫科);程鹏(上海市光华中西医结合医院风湿免疫科)
利益冲突 所有作者声明不存在利益冲突
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推荐意见与 GRADE 证据分级
| # | 推荐意见 | 证据等级 | 出处 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | axSpA是一种与HLA-B27密切相关的、主要累及中轴关节的慢性炎症性疾病,以附着点炎为主要病理特征,也可累及外周关节和关节外器官(证据5,推荐D)。根据axSpA的骶髂关节损害程度有无达到mNY标准定义的放射学骶髂关节炎,分为两型即AS和nr-axSpA。nr-axSpA包括放射学阴性axSpA 和低级别放射学异常(单侧≤2级或双侧1级骶髂关节炎)的axSpA(证据1,推荐A)。 | — | 三、指南具体推荐 |
| 2 | MRI显示的骶髂关节骨髓水肿并非axSpA所特有,也可见于运动或体力劳动、妊娠、致密性骨炎、外伤、感染、肿瘤、代谢性骨病等(证据1,推荐A)。MRI显示的骶髂关节骨髓水肿伴关节面骨侵蚀,可提高MRI阳性骶髂关节炎的特异度(证据1,推荐A)。MRI显示骶髂关节无骨髓水肿,但骶髂关节面有明确的骨侵蚀可作为axSpA的诊断依据之一(证据2,推荐B)。脊柱MRI检出的炎症性病变(需排除感染和肿瘤性病变)可作为axSpA的诊断依据之一,但脊柱MRI不作为诊断该病的常规检查(证据3,推荐B)。 | — | 三、指南具体推荐 |
| 3 | CT显示骶髂关节炎结构改变的准确性优于X线平片和MRI(证据1,推荐A)。当MRI显示的骨侵蚀不确定时,CT显示的骶髂关节面骨侵蚀有助于nr-axSpA的诊断(证据2,推荐B)。 | — | 三、指南具体推荐 |
| 4 | 采用2009年ASAS制定的中轴型脊柱关节炎分类标准(ASAS-axSpA标准)诊断nr-axSpA的特异度不高,应警惕误诊、加强随访(证据1,推荐A)。 | — | 三、指南具体推荐 |
| 5 | 部分符合ASAS-axSpA分类标准的nr-axSpA患者会进展为AS,进展的危险因素包括HLA-B27阳性、骶髂关节骨髓水肿、骶髂关节炎的结构改变、高疾病活动度、吸烟等(证据2,推荐B)。 | — | 三、指南具体推荐 |
| 6 | 应开展患者教育 a,并鼓励患者规律锻炼 b和戒烟 a( a证据2,推荐A; b证据4,推荐C)。 | — | 三、指南具体推荐 |
| 7 | NSAIDs是治疗活动期nr-axSpA患者的一线药物(证据1,推荐A),非活动期患者可按需服用NSAIDs(证据3,推荐B)。 | — | 三、指南具体推荐 |
| 8 | 对NSAIDs应答不佳或不耐受的活动期nr-axSpA患者,推荐TNFi或IL-17i(证据1,推荐A)。 | — | 三、指南具体推荐 |
| 9 | 对NSAIDs应答不佳或不耐受且有客观炎症证据的活动期nr-axSpA患者,推荐乌帕替尼(证据2,推荐B);对生物制剂(bDMARDs)应答不佳或不耐受的活动期nr-axSpA患者,推荐乌帕替尼(证据2,推荐B)。在乌帕替尼不可及或不耐受时,可考虑托法替布或非戈替尼等(证据3,推荐B)。 | — | 三、指南具体推荐 |
| 10 | 合并复发性葡萄膜炎史,优先选择单克隆抗体类TNFi(证据1,推荐A);合并IBD,优先选择单克隆抗体类TNFi(证据1,推荐A),也可选择乌帕替尼(证据3,推荐B),但不宜选择IL-17i(证据2,推荐B);合并较重的银屑病或敏感部位的银屑病,优先选择IL-17i(证据1,推荐A)。 | — | 三、指南具体推荐 |
| 11 | 对一种bDMARD原发性应答不佳时,可转换为另一种作用机制的bDMARD或JAKi(证据2,推荐B)。对一种bDMARD继发性失效时,可转换为同一类别内结构不同的bDMARD,也可转换为另一种作用机制的bDMARD或JAKi(证据3,推荐B)。 | — | 三、指南具体推荐 |
| 12 | bDMARDs治疗后达到临床缓解并持续12周以上,可考虑延长bDMARDs的给药间隔时间或减少剂量,但不推荐过早或突然停用bDMARDs(证据2,推荐B)。 | — | 三、指南具体推荐 |
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引用 / 出处
中华医学会风湿病学分会. 标准与规范丨非放射学中轴型脊柱关节炎诊疗指南(2024版)[S/OL]. 2024.